Child Birth Booth Camp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Birth Booth Camp - Research Paper Example The class was headed by a rather experienced instructor in medical field and childbirth in particular. The instructor was a well-trained, long-term nurse and a catholic doula whose name was Rosemary Antunes. She was a mother of eight and a grandmother of six Rosemary was a graduate of St. Francis Hospital School of Nursing, and said that she has over thirty years of experience as a Registered Nurse. In addition, she said that she had served as the school Nurse at Christendom College. Apart from these, she has also served labor and delivery sector at Fauquier Hospital with extensive experience in variety of settings. She informed us that she first became interested in working as a delivery nurse because of her mother. From the experiences she gained from her mother’s deliveries, she told us that giving birth a great moment in a woman’s life especially first timer and is therefore very important to treat women with kindness and respect through the entire process of concep tion to birth. Her philosophy has been to promote life among mothers and their children by helping them give birth safely. She offers teachings on the same in two area hospitals. She has also worked as a certified doula, offering personalized support and encouragement to women in labor. The class started around 9 am and ended at 5 pm. In the class, topics relating to pregnancy and childbirth were taught. Discussions on the same were conducted with the aim of equipping first time expectant mothers and their partners with knowledge and information on how to handle childbirth. The class constituted various practices. Comfort was ensured to allow healthy stay and learning especially given the much time allocated for all the lessons. The majority of the learners were Caucasian couples with the exception of one African American couple in the classroom. During the introduction the male participants were asked to introduce their partners, many referred to them as their wives whereas others

Research proposal ( research for social and community development) Essay

Research proposal ( research for social and community development) - Essay Example However, a study conducted by Crosby and Holtgrave (2006) reveals that low income and poverty while significantly linked to teenage pregnancy, social capital had a stronger influence on teenage pregnancy. Therefore, the role of social and community development appears to have a significant link to teenage pregnancy in the UK and should form the basis of further research. The proposed study will be conducted using a mixed methods research in that both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected and analysed. The qualitative data consists of 5 interviews and the quantitative data consist of at least 50 surveys. The sample population will consist of mothers who were pregnant as teens. Social capital theory will be used as a conceptual framework for analysing the data collected. This section should include the material which outlines the rationale for the project, i.e. why this study needs to be done. This should be done in a way that is both accessible and scholarly, i.e. have proper cited sources. This study is important because the UK is second only to the US in teenage pregnancy rates among all developed nations (Kmietowicz, 2002). Meanwhile the UK has the largest teenage pregnancy rates in all of Europe (Kmietowicz, 2002). Teenage pregnancy is regarded as an important social issue for a number of reasons. The main reason teenage pregnancy is perceived as an important issue is the risk of health to the pregnant teen who seeks to hide the pregnancy or terminate the pregnancy or who engages in risky behaviour that subjects the foetus to the risk of harm (Bonell, 2004). Other facts attributable to the characterization of teenage pregnancy as a major social problem is the welfare services required to support the teen mother and the infant once born (Bonell, 2004). Teenage pregnancy is also said to interfere with the teen mother’s education and thus employment

Cybersecurity Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cybersecurity - Article Example Different companies hire famous personalities from the film industry for the commercializing their products to increases sales of their products because the public loves to follow such celebrities. The principle of authority can be used for both good and evil. For instance, if a celebrity works for promoting awareness among people would be the beneficial-use of the authority he has. One of the recent examples is the participation of celebrities from the Indian film industry in the â€Å"Neat and Clean India† program initiated by the Indian Prime Minister Mr. Modi. The negative impact could be observed when individuals observe the person in authority smoking, and imitate him or her by adopting a bad habit The cyber security also follows one’s authority and laws about the security of cyber are also formed by the order of a person in authority. For instance, on February 12, 2013, President Obama, who has the highest level of authority in the US, announced a new legislation for the sake of cyber security, which is now in practice to protect the cyber from external

Areas for improvement for Football Essay Example for Free

Areas for improvement for Football Essay I watched a football match that was Pendle Vale vs Marsden Heights. I observed the match and saw many areas for improvement. These are some of the things that could be improved Set Pieces To improve Pendle vales set pieces, I felt they needed to be more precise and accurate as the ball was not reaching the player. Also I felt that they needed to be played with pace as the defender had too much time to read where the ball was going. If the ball was more accurate it would have been hard for the opposition to get as a result giving the attacking team more of a chance to score. Another way the set piece could have been improved is by playing the ball according to the opposing teams weaknesses, for example, there was a short defender from Marsden Heights was marking a taller striker fom Pendle Vale. I felt that the ball should have been played to the taller striker because the defender has a smaller chance of clearing the ball, therefore it would have created more of a chance to score. When a Pendle vale player was taking a set piece, it was not crossed into a danger zone, for example, in the 18 yard box or the far post or near post. As a result, it posed a smaller threat for Marsden heights and also did not put them under any pressure. To improve this they need to cross the ball into more danger zones so that they have more of a chance of scoring. To add to this, another useful improvement would be if they disguised a shot at goal, by blocking the goal keepers view of the ball by placing their own players there. This would have given the goal keeper less time to react and thus could have resulted in a goal. Man Marking and Zone Marking the player from Marsden was comfortably able to move around the pitch as no Pendle Vale defender was marking him. To improve on this the defender should stay close to the attacker, thus giving him less room to pass the ball and to create any possible chances. By man-marking a player closely it forces even the best attacker to make mistakes in the game because the strikers team mates know he may be forced into making an error because of the pressure he is under from the defender. Pendle Vale could have reduced the threat that Marsden Heights posed by zone marking. This also did not happen and Marsden Heights were able to play into the danger zones. To improve zone marking, the right back defender should use his intelligence by marking a zone where Marsden Heights like to play. For example, Marsden Heights seemed to like playing on the wing and then crossing the ball, if a defender is already on the wing, it may cause the team to play into a less dangerous zone. This would improve zone marking. Another error I realised was that Marsden Heights posed to much of a threat at goal to Pendle Vale. To improve this Pendle Vale should have used zone marking. To do this the right back should have used his understanding of the game and marked the zone where Marsden Heights were likely to cross or pass the ball. For example, Marsden Heights seemed to like playing through middle and then having a go at goal, if a centre back is already there, it may cause the team to play a less dangerous pass and there for created less threat, this would have improved zone marking. Counter Attacking I also noticed that Pendle Vales counter attacking was inadequate; I felt the players were not sprinting to their potential and the ball was not cleared fast enough by the defenders. Their counter attacking could be improved in many ways. For example after a set piece is taken, the ball should be cleared quickly leaving no room for mistakes. Then the attacking midfielders should sprint to the opposing 18 yard box and provide support by finding space so that the receiving ball can be passed quickly, by doing this, the striker on the ball would have had much more options, he could pass the ball to his wingers or centre forwards, this would have created a chance to score a goal. Playing counter attacking outnumbers the defenders and increases the chance of scoring. Badminton Tactics Over Head Clearance an overhead clearance is a shot played from the back of the court to the other end of the court. This is a good tactical way, because brings the opponent right to the back of the court. This makes it easy to do a smash or drop shot. The opponent usually finds it difficult to get to receive the shuttle cock, thus conceding a point. This type of shot makes it easier to retrieve the opponents shot when he struggles to return it deep into the court. This is why it is a good tactical shot. Long and Short Serve The long serve is a good tactical shot as the opponent is pushed (far side) deep into his side of the court, this is because it is easier to retrieve the opponents shot when he is deep in the court. Also the opponent is likely to return the shot high, making it easy to claim a point, as you have a choice of either doing a smash shot or disguise a drop shot. The short serve is also a good way of forcing the opponent to come closer to the net, as a result making it easy to do an over head clearance shot, because of this he may return a poor shot giving you the chance of taking a point. Smash- a smash is a very good tactic which requires power and timing; it is used commonly throughout badminton games in order to win points. A smash is when the shuttle is hit facing towards the ground fast, this makes it harder for the opponent to return, which will either result in a point conceded or if he does hit it he will hit it in the air. This then can provide the opponent to do another smash, but one that is aimed at the far side of the court. Drop shot- this is another great tactic which requires minimal power, it is done by hitting the shuttle as low as possible over the net, the most effective time to do this is when the opponent is at the back of the court. Ready position- when serving the player should stand between the net of the court and the baseline. Also he should be more or less in the middle of the two sidelines which will make it easier to return a shot going either side. He should stand with his knees bent at a slight angle which should provide him with better agility and movement. Also it will help him return the shot more easily despite where it is going. His eyes should always be on the shuttle and his racket should be held just above his head ready to return the serve. Equally this will make his position a good tactic

Impact of “Healthy Lives, Healthy People” Policy

Impact of â€Å"Healthy Lives, Healthy People† Policy Impact of â€Å"Healthy Lives, Healthy People† Policy on Childhood Obesity The clichà © ‘Health is wealth’ rings true for anyone and in any situation. As individuals address their own health concerns, governments endeavor to come up with policies related to health that would benefit all. However, even if such policies are intended to be for the common good, inequalities in the implementation of policies and still occur consistently. Policies are created as guidelines for people to follow. With regards to public health a more general and thorough policy paper is presented to everyone so that not only are they ably guided about the rules and provisions of government but they also know what to expect. For this paper, the policy document to be analyzed with regards to a social problem is â€Å"Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England† (2010). Policy May Jochim (2013) explain that public policies â€Å"provide benefits, regulate harms and deliver services† (p. 426). In relation to politics, policies trigger the selection of people who are deserving and undeserving of its benefits. It also sets up a method to collect feedback from all sectors which could affect the political operations of the policy as well as its future changes and demands. Public policies are considered key in governance. Lowi (1972) simplifies it as â€Å"policies beget politics† (cited in May Jochim, 2013, p. 427). Hence, policies may change with each term of incumbent politicians. â€Å"Healthy Lives, Healthy People (2010) is one example of policy document that claims to adopt changes from its previous platform. It presents the government’s strategies for their programs in public health in England. It promotes a radical new approach that empowers local communities to implement the government initiatives to improve the health of their constituents and reduce the inequalities that exist. This means that the government will allocate funding for health programs and services to local government agencies as well as increase their accountability. Thus, integration and partnership working across care, the NHS and public health shall likewise increase (HM Government, 2010). Grogan (2012) explains that in terms of ideologies, liberalism favors such radical transfer of power from the government to local communities. Liberals support individualism and the market mechanism that promotes competition. They prefer that the government play a minimal role in the implementation of health initiatives and instead provide equal opportunities to all local communities and non-government agencies in terms of the provision of education, health care, housing and nutrition programs. On the other hand, conservative-controlled governments have been known to spend less on social welfare and would rather keep the funds centralized in government stewardship. Because it is in the interest of everybody, the government has taken the responsibility to ensure that everyone is healthy. The World Health Organization (WHO) (Sorte et al, 2011) defines health as â€Å"a state of total physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease† (WHO p. 286). If health issues arise such as health inequalities or some disease becomes prevalent in society, then it becomes a political issue. This is echoed by the government in the following statement: â€Å"a healthy population is fundamental to prosperity, security and stability a cornerstone of economic growth and social development. In contrast, poor health does more than damage to the economic and political viability of any one country it is a threat to the economic and political interests of all countries†(Government HM 2008,, p.7). Not only does ill-health weaken members of the population but it also depletes government funding, hence affecting its economic status. Childhood Obesity One health problem that needs to be addressed is childhood obesity. The Department of Health (2013) reports that nearly 30% of children aged 2-15 are considered either overweight or obese, which is following the trend for overweight or obese adults (60%) in England. Obese children are at risk for high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, orthopaedic problems, sleep apnea, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, among others (Snorof et al, 2004). It can also affect their activity levels and self esteem (DH, 2013). Such children can also be prone to social discrimination and are likely targets for taunts from peers and negative reactions from others. This may cause much psychological pain, lowered self-esteem and even depression at their very young age (Holmes, 1998). These negative effects pose to be detrimental to obese children, so the problem of obesity needs to be addressed early on to reverse the trend (Barnes, 2011). If not, the health problems may escalate and the risks c an heighten as they grow up to be obese adults. Ignoring the problem leads to a great societal impact which concerns NHS because the burden and costs of health care provision for obese patients with various health complications fall on them (NHS, 2011). More importantly, it deprives obese children of their right to a quality of life that promotes their well-being. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1989) declared that: â€Å"the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity† (para. 7). That is why the government takes much effort and planning of policies aimed to optimize the health of everyone, most especially the vulnerable children. Healthy Lives, Healthy People White Paper and The Marmot Review This policy documents the government’s strategic plans to ensure the health and well-being of people. It gives emphasis to providing better care for children’s health and development because these are key in improving their educational attainment and the reduction of mental health risks, unhealthy lifestyles, hospitalization and deaths (HM Government, 2010). It addresses the issue of health inequalities as reported by Professor Sir Michael Marmot in ‘Fair Society, Healthy Lives’ (2010). This report acknowledges a social gradient in health, meaning that the poorer an individual is, the worse is his or health. Social inequality should not hinder the delivery of health care services to all. Action on health inequalities â€Å"must be universal, but with a scale and intensity that is proportionate to the level of disadvantage†. Reducing health inequalities is vital to the country’s economy, and as one delays in addressing this issue, the costs to the economy continue to increase (The Marmot Review, 2010). The Marmot Review (2010) presented six policy recommendations to target the reduction of health inequalities as follows: Give every child the best start in life Enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives Create fair employment and good work for all Ensure a healthy standard of living for all Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities Strengthen the role and impact of ill-health prevention Healthy Lives, Healthy People (HLHP) responds to the Marmot Review’s recommendations and seeks to reduce health inequalities by cascading authority to implement programs to local communities because it is believed that local officials have a greater knowledge about the specific conditions of their constituents. With Marmot’s highest priority in their policy recommendation of providing children with the best start in life, HLHP shall invest to increase the accommodation of health visitors in public health centres partnering with the Family Nurse Partnership programme and the Sure Start Children’s Centres. Sure Start Over the years, government efforts to improve health initiatives for the poor have increased. It targeted a great reduction in health inequalities and improvement in health outcomes. Sure Start is a multi-agency working initiative established in 1999 to ensure the well-being and welfare of children. This organization implements the government’s initiative to ensure the best start in the life of every child. Start brings together early education, childcare, health and family support services for families with children aged five and under. In line with the government’s drive to fight child poverty and social exclusion, Sure Start works with parents and future parents, carers and other professionals working with children to promote the physical, intellectual and social development of babies and young children so they are readied for the challenges of school (Sure Start, 2009). Sure Start also networks with other service providers from the health, social services and early education sector as well as voluntary, private and community organisations to provide the necessary services for young children and their families (HM Government, 2006). Sure Start is one organization that shares the aim of breaking cycles of deprivation, closing achievement gaps in education between the privileged and the disadvantaged, endorsing better parenting strategies, enhancing child development, confronting poverty issues, promoting safeguarding and community cohesion and supporting healthier lifestyles and seeking opportunities for learning for all individuals (House of Commons, 2009). Childhood Obesity Embedded in Health Inequality The Black Report (1980) identifies the issue of health inequalities starting that â€Å"ill health and mortality is related to social class but also more generally to the ‘health differences between people in more or less favourable situations with respect to income, prestige (â€Å"standing in the community†) and education† (p. 1). The House of Commons (2009) identify some causes of health inequalities as lifestyle factors that people adopt that make them and the people around them unhealthy. Some of these are smoking, poor nutrition, lack of exercise and sleep. Other determinants of poor health are poverty, poor or lack of housing, employment and education and limited access to healthcare. Children are vulnerable to parental influences on health habits and attitudes because they are dependent on their parents. Section 4 of the Childcare Act of 2006 mandates local authorities to improve outcomes for all children in reducing inequalities. It was suggested that pro vision of early years services should be a priority and these should be delivered in integrated ways that maximize the access and benefits to young children and their families (Armstrong, 2007). Childhood obesity also follows the social gradient. Economic deprivation is a strange bedfellow of childhood obesity. One wonders how children of the poor can afford to eat so much to the point of obesity. This may be mainly due to the existence of ‘obesogenic environments which encourage the consumption of unhealthy foods and the adoption of lifestyle choices over healthier ones (Jones et al., 2007). With the cost of high quality healthier foods, people from low social economic status resort to buying cheap foods often lacking in the right nutrients. The feeling of deprivation may drive obese children to eat more than they should. Like the law of supply and demand, individuals who have an abundance of good food do not see much demand in it, and therefore, just eats enough as compared to individuals who seek more food because they simply do not have enough. Criticisms of the Government’s Health Reforms The Department of Health (2011a) of the English government claims to have updated its strategy on obesity in 2011 in continuation of the Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives (DH, 2008) policy commissioned under the previous administration. With the implementation of health policies, HLHP claims that progress is being made with regards to child obesity. â€Å"the rise among 2–10-year olds from 1 in 10 children in 1995 to almost 1 in 7 in 2008 appears to be levelling off. However, more than 1 in 5 children are still overweight or obese by age 3. Rates are higher among some black and minority ethnic (BME) communities and in lower socioeconomic groups.† (HM Government, 2010, p. 19) Although such report may be true, critics of this policy may doubt if such progress is directly due to the policy implementation. Since the main feature of HLHP is devolution of authority to local communities and multi-agency cooperation, sources of the cause of progress have increased. Parental awareness can be one of them, and because parents have become alerted to the risks of obesity, it is most likely that they have taken charge. It is also possible, though, that such awareness may have been borne from campaigns instituted by the government as part of HLHP. The shifting of power to local authorities have shown marked changes in some programs. For example, the programme called Change4Life recruits families to participate in regular physical activity (Change4Life, 2011). Increasing physical activity and engaging in exercise helps to maintain a healthy weight. This marketing campaign has been criticized for not directly promoting awareness on obesity and being sponsored by food and drink companies which were considered â€Å"unhealthy†. Still, this initiative was endorsed by the government because it was believed to create balance between autonomous choices of adults while protecting children from an ‘obesogenic environment’. With the implementation of HLHP’s shift in authority to more localized agencies, central government decreased its funding, changing it from a proactive central government marketing campaign for physical fitness to a light-touch brand available for sponsorship from commercial and independent partners (DH, 2011a). The effects of HLHP’s reforms in the provision of health services such as cuts in funding and less participation of central government in implementation are slowly being noticed by concerned groups (Penn Kerr, 2014). Health professionals have been lobbying for taxation of products which are high in sugar and fat and for food and drink companies to significantly reduce calories on their products as well as well as recommended the banning of junk food advertisements (UKFPH, 2011). However, with due respect to the voluntary Public Health Responsibility Deal (DH, 2011b) which the government endorsed, food and drink companies were then asked to just lower the calorie content of their products. Penn Kerr (2014) argue that while the government’s actions shows respect for the autonomy and choice of people, it also frees it from responsibilities and leaves the bulk of the accountability to companies, local authorities and individuals. The UK Faculty of Public Health (UK FPH) a grees with this contention. This group of academic commentators criticized the government for being complacent with regards to tackling the problem of rising rates of obesity. They expect more ‘upstream’ government initiatives to investigate the underlying causes of obesity such as obesogenic environments, exposure of children to unhealthy food advertisements, control and quality of school meals and food prices. They also expect less of ‘downstream’ programmes that HLHP advocates, which encourage people to be more responsible for their own health and weight (UK FPH, 2011). Children who are at risk for childhood obesity are not yet reliable in assuming responsibility for their own food choices and frequency of physical activity to maintain a healthy weight. Hence apart from the influence of their families, schools and other social, environmental and economic influences, the government should take a more active stand in its advocacy to battle childhood obesit y and intervene in alleviating health inequalities, as the Marmot Review has strongly recommended (Penn Kerr, 2014). Implications on Children Being the most vulnerable members of the population, children need to be protected from threats to their health and well-being. The people around them, their parents, teachers, peers, and health advocates and government leaders should be dutiful in modelling healthy behaviours and attitudes to steer them in the right direction that prevents them from developing obesity. Parents should avoid creating obesogenic environments for their children, meaning they themselves should avoid unhealthy food and lifestyle choices as these are easily imbibed and copied by children. It is one of their main responsibilities to nourish their children with healthy and nutritious food and beverages that will help the children to grow and develop as healthy individuals. Such healthy practices should be consistently observed in all environments children are exposed to. Schools should have health promotion programmes in place which aim to inculcate in the students the value of adopting healthy practices suc h as eating right, exercising regularly, being well-groomed, having enough rest and visiting their doctors and dentists regularly. The Healthy Lives, Healthy People policy claims to put children as their top priority in the provision of programmes that reduce health inequalities. The document presents all their good intentions in helping children have the best start in their lives and achieve a their optimal development. It takes on the challenge recommended by the Marmot Review in battling health inequalities. The government enjoins all parts of society to actively take part in pursuing their own health and well-being and foster collaborative partnerships with local communities and other agencies such as Sure Start, which actively addresses children’s rights to quality health services, care and education. Because the policy is relatively new, its ambitious strategies for public health may often be criticized and regularly evaluated if they are being effectively carried out. Health advocates similarly have the best intentions in ensuring good health in everyone else so they keep a close watch on government efforts. Even without the mandate that individuals should be responsible enough to make wise lifestyle choices for themselves and their children, common sense dictates that all individuals in their right minds are expected to do this. However, it would greatly help if the presented strategies of the HLHP are truly put in place and appropriately delivered to the people especially those who are disadvantaged by health inequalities. HLHP should keep endorsing effective health programmes especially those for children which have been adopted by schools. Since it is in schools where children usually learn conformity to societal expectations, food choices in the cafeteria should be well-pla nned, leaving out junk food which contributes to childhood obesity. The curriculum should also emphasize the pursuit of healthy living and the encouragement of physical exercise. People from the medical field, especially doctors and nurses who mainly advocate for children’s health should also take a more active stand in pushing for effective health policies. They are in a position to empower children and their families to adopt healthy lifestyles. Penn Kerr (2014). Being vigilant in watching policy implementation unfold, nurses should support strategies that best serve children’s interests and speak out when they deem that they are not working well. With regards to the prevention of childhood obesity and the reduction of health inequalities in its management, an awareness of all factors contributing to obesity, coming from the environment, economics and society in general can help nurses support children and families better by providing informed, relevant and effective guidance to battle the illness (Penn Kerr, 2014).

H.M. Scott Smiths, the Historical Houses of Prince Edward Island :: essays papers

H.M. Scott Smith's, the Historical Houses of Prince Edward Island H.M. Scott Smith's, the Historical Houses of Prince Edward Island, is a candid look into the more architecturally and historically significant buildings located on Prince Edward Island. Focusing particularly on those constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Historical Houses of Prince Edward Island, features structures from the early days of the Micmac wigwams to the elegance of the Victorian presence. His purpose is to trace the evolution of the Islands housing in their form, decor, and construction over the course of time. In addition, Smith writes of the different principal international impacts, which have shaped the architectural stature of Prince Edward Island. Hoping to set a starting point in Prince Edward Islands' architectural studies, Smith states 1"I also wish to stress that I conceived this project and these books as a beginning, in the hope that architectural historians, geographers, academics or any interested individuals might be inspired to further research and document the various aspects touched on only briefly in this book." Smith, an active conservationist, clearly shows that he believes in the importance of building history and preservation, not only in Prince Edward island, but all over the world in hoping that others will pick up where he has left off opening another door in architectural studies. Smith provides the reader with an easy to follow guide, which is set in Smith, H.W. Scott. Historical Houses of Prince Edward Island. Erin: Boston Mills Press, 1990. P.10 chronological order and provides, photographs and/or sketches with each brief, yet descriptive, explanation of the chosen dwellings. Expressive yet not overpowering, we are taken through the evolution of the selected structures by means of the change in style and heritage from that of the architectural monuments origin. In the journey of seeking architectural history, the author touches on, but hesitates to go in-depth with the true mode of building based on regional forms and materials. The lack of information covering the social and community history, building placement, along with the unique building styles (with stone and brick) formed by the adapting peoples of the Island leaves a lot out of this book. Instead, Smith focuses intensely on the inhabitants of the homes throughout time, and the strong foreign influence from Scotland, England, Ireland, and New England. The glossary, which Smith provides, was very effective as it made his work easy to understand while increasing the readers knowledge of architectural terms.

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

The leading characters in this book are Ralph, Jack and Piggy. The other boys are mentioned often but most of it is about those three boys. Ralph and Jack are both "leaders". That's because they are so "loud", everyone listen to them. Piggy is really different from Ralph and Jack, he is kind, he does what others want him to do, he seems to be quite shy too, but he is also very clever, he has good ideas but it is hard for him to be heard. The environment where everything happens, is on an island that looks very nice, it’s a paradise palm trees, white sand, coco-nuts, clear ocean water, beautiful starry nights with the sound of the ocean crashing on the beach. "The shore was fledged with palm trees. These stood or leaned or reclined against the light and their green feathers were a hundred feet up in the air. The ground beneath them was a bank covered with coarse grass, torn everywhere by the upheavals of fallen trees, scattered with decaying coco-nuts and palm saplings. Behind this was the darkness of forest proper and the open space of the scar.† Lord of the Flies is about a group of English schoolboys who are from 6 to 12 years old. They have been set on a fate island somewhere in the south Pacific after a crash. This could have been a dream situation for the boys; no teachers, no parents and no rules that tell them what to do or not do, but the dream situation develops in to a hard society where rules are set up and everyone has its own task.. They started to hunt and live a life like if they never would be rescued. After a while this big group became divided into two smaller groups with Jack and Ralph as leaders. This "competition" developed a bloody fight on life and death. long environmental descriptions make the book very interesting, depicting the scenery so clear. If you use your imagination it can feel like you’re there. I like Lord of the Flies because it was exciting and it showed how we humans can be, I think shows people how bad we actually are in a hard situation, but that's also what I think William Golding wanted to say with this book, he did also show the difference between two different kind of leaders.

Culture and Change in The House on Mango Street Essay

The House on Mango Street presents a strong cultural background. Cisnero allows Esperanza to reveal her Mexican background in My Name. Esperanza introduces herself, explaining the meaning of her name and how she inherited it from her grandmother. She shows her love for her culture when she points out how her name sounds better when said in Spanish. She also complains about her disdain for how it sound when said in English. However, Esperanza also writes about how she wishes to change her name into something that would represent her better. Changing her name would also mean letting go of a part of her that greatly spoke of her ethnicity and background. It is not only her name that Esperanza wishes to change but the direction of her life as well. She speaks about how her grandmother used to be a wild woman, like a horse – free and independent. But after some time, her grandmother was forced to marry and to live a life she had not chosen for herself. This is not what Esperanza wants. She does not want to relinquish herself to the customs of her culture of getting married and adopting the female roles of a wife and mother. The main character’s negative feelings for the way she is growing up and where she is doing so are not only seen in her desire to change her name but in the way she speaks of her house as well. Although the family’s house in Mango Street is a better change from their old one, Esperanza is still disappointed with it. She does not see it as a house that she can show off to her friends or that she, herself, can take pride in. Esperanza’s parents continuously assure her and her siblings that the house is only temporary but Esperanza know that it is not. She keeps thinking of the house that she wants, a spacious house with many bathrooms. Esperanza’s disappointment with their house is also indicative of her disappointment with their neighborhood. The house, for her, is the epitome of the destitute neighborhood they live in. Esperanza constantly writes about wanting to leave the house and escape the limitations of the neighborhood. It is clear here that Esperanza not only wants to change her name but the house and neighborhood she lives in as well. This can also be construed as a turning away from the culture she has grown up in. Change, in Esperanza’s case, can still be made, however, without detracting from the culture and ethnic backgrounds on which her life has been founded. This is what Esperanza learns near the end of the stories. She realizes that even though the environment and the circumstances are not ideal, she still belongs in Mango Street, in her culture and background. Even though she still wants to improve her situation, she knows she can not do it without coming to terms with her background. Acceptance of who one is and where one comes from is essential when trying to move on into a brighter future. Change does not necessitate throwing away the past. In fact, change requires the use of the foundations of the past. Taking one’s culture and background and shaping it to be more appropriate for the uses of the present allows change to take place without disregarding heritage. How far can this â€Å"shaping† go, however, without subtracting too much from the quality of the culture? There is no exact answer but one truth should be acknowledged: culture is ingrained, instilled in an individual no matter how great the change. Especially in individuals like Esperanza who grew up in the thick of the customs and traditions of their culture, even changing their name or their residence would not hide their culture. Esperanza was correct, however, in realizing that change could only be done by accepting the past and building from it.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Four Common Techniques

Comparing the Effectiveness of Four Common Techniques Used to Treat Nocturnal Enuresis Tiffiny H. Winters Clarion University of Pennsylvania Abstract The proposed research is designed to combine 1 pharmaceutical treatment technique and 2 common behavioral interventions and assess the effect they have on the frequency of night-time wetting in children between the ages of 5 and 10 years old who suffer from nocturnal enuresis. I will randomly assign 120 child participants to one of six treatment groups which test them on varying degrees of the independent variables.Participants will be tested for a period of 30 days prior to the intervention application to determine a baseline rate of occurrence of enuresis, then tested again for 30 days while applying the intervention strategies to determine if there is a significant change in the frequency of the occurrences. I predict that the groups receiving the behavioral training paired with the anti-diuretic medication will have fewer episodes o f enuresis in a shorter amount of time during treatment, and have a slight increase in instances of regression after ceasing treatment.I also predict that the treatment groups that do not receive the anti-diuretic will have a slower rate of progression during the experiment, but the progression will stay primarily steady after treatment has ceased. Comparing the Effectiveness of Four Common Techniques Used to Treat Nocturnal Enuresis Nocturnal enuresis is a common childhood disorder, but can be a potentially distressing experience for children and parents alike.It has been defined as an â€Å"involuntary voiding of urine during sleep, with severity of at least twice a week, in children over 5 years of age, when not provoked by congenital or acquired defects of the central nervous system or by the direct physiological effect of substances such as a diuretic† (American Psychiatric Association, 2000); Butler & Gasson, 2005). This disorder has many stressful consequences for a ch ild, such as feeling like, or being treated as a social pariah, suffering a rollercoaster of emotional turmoil, a significant lowering of their self-esteem, and feelings of ncomprehension and helplessness. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children ages 5 to 10 years old, according to The American Psychiatric Association (2000), are as follows: * Approximately 5% – 10% in 5 to 6 year olds * Approximately 11% – 18% in 7 to 8 year olds * Approximately 1. 5% – 5% in 9 to 10 year olds Prevalence rates are also higher for males than for females at all age points (Butler & Heron, 2008). At the present time, many empirical studies and reviews of different treatment strategies for nocturnal enuresis have been conducted.Prominent researchers from both the psychological and medical communities are making important contributions to the ongoing question of what types of interventions work best for the children who suffer from this disorder, which tends to bridge both the psychological and medical fields. This can cause complications for the results of the research, because each field traditionally produces its own literature on the studies that they do, and therefore the results aren’t always all-encompassing.However, experimenters are attempting to close this gap with new approaches that combine and compare treatments such as the dispensing of pharmaceuticals to patients, and some practical behavioral interventions. The behavioral interventions that will be used in this experiment are fairly common in the current research for treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Retention Control Training (RTC) came about due to the medical evidence that some children suffering from this disorder had reduced bladder capacity, and thus couldn’t hold a normal amount of fluid in their bladders throughout a typical night of sleep.RTC expands a child’s bladder capacity by having the child drink high amounts of fluid while delaying urination for as l ong as possible and trying to increase the amount of holding time each time. The thought is that this will cause the bladder to expand, and progress the child up to a relatively normal length of time between urinations. According to Friman (2008), RTC has had up to a 50% overall success rate. However, more recent studies are debating that these results may be negligible, and believe that other methods are more evidence-based and should be considered instead.The process of Dry-Bed Training (DBT) is one of the oldest, best-known, and most evidence-based treatment packages for enuresis (Friman, 2008). The process consists of following a strict schedule of waking the child up at night until he or she learns to wake up alone when needed. This program is usually implemented for a period of 7 nights, and then the process is repeated. DBT is typically completed in less than 4 weeks, with relapse rates of only about 40% (Brown, Pope, & Brown, 2010). A Urine Alarm is a key component in this t reatment, as well as cleanliness training and a positive reinforcement through a token system.A Urine Alarm is a device that is either placed underneath the child in the form of a mat, or as a sensor inside of the child’s pajamas that works by using a moisture-sensitive system that, when upon sensing dampness from urine, it sends a charge to a buzzer or alarm that is strong enough to wake the child (Friman, 2008). The alarm is an adverse stimulus, which leads to a conditioned avoidance response (startling the child) which leads to muscle contractions in the pelvic floor and neck of the bladder, ceasing the flow of urine when the child wakes.This leads to the child associating the feeling of a full bladder to the feeling of being awakened, and they will wake eventually without the help of the alarm. According to Mellon & Houts (2006), several reviewed studies and well-controlled experiments have established the basic urine Alarm as an effective treatment for nocturnal enuresis , alone or in combination with other treatment components, and the average success rate (14 consecutive dry nights) is 77. 9%, and has an average 6 month relapse rate of 15% – 30%.Despite the arguable efficacy of these behavioral interventions, reviews of the recent literature show that the common healthcare practice among physicians and pediatricians is to treat enuretic children with medication rather than putting behavioral interventions to use (Friman, 2008). The two most commonly prescribed to treat this disorder are anti-depressants and anti-diuretics. I will not be addressing the components of the anti-depressant prescriptions, as it does not directly involve my xperiment. The anti-diuretic that is typically prescribed is Desmopressin, a synthetic version of Vasmopressin, which is the body’s naturally occurring anti-diuretic hormone. According to a review by Brown, Pope, & Brown (2010), the rationale for using this drug is that there is evidence that children wi th nocturnal enuresis may not have the same nocturnal increase in Vasmopressin as children that do not suffer from enuresis.Desmopressin works by decreasing night-time urine production, and typically reduces the episodes by 50%. And although Desmopressin typically has a more rapid onset of dry nights than the Urine Alarm, removal of the drug almost always results in the child reverting back to the wetting behavior. In comparing this drug and its benefits to other behavioral treatments, it has been found in many studies to have better results when the drug therapy is used concurrently with one of the behavioral interventions previously discussed.For example, according to Brown, Pope, & Brown (2010), recent literature shows that the Urine Alarm, when used in conjunction with anti-diuretic medication, leads to more dry nights earlier in the conditioning process, and a longer lasting performance after treatment has subsided. Also, there have been many studies comparing several of the af orementioned common behavioral techniques to one another, as well as the combined power of using more than one technique concurrently to enhance the speed and permanence of the desired results.Also, studies have been done here in the United States, as well as abroad in many other countries, such as Australia, the United Kingdom, and many others. However, according to their review on studies done in this field of research, Brown, Pope, & Brown (2010) assert that â€Å"The medical and psychological literatures and studies completed regarding this problem have proceeded relatively independent from one another, and there has been little to no interconnection between the US and international studies, resulting in a lack of discourse and integration among researchers investigating treatment outcomes for enuresis. In general, many researchers agree that the current research and scope of the experiments have been very limited, and perhaps even insufficient. The focus of my proposed study w ould be to bridge this gap that others have been stepping around, and bring some of the conflicting variables to light in one controlled study. The proposed research is designed to combine 1 pharmaceutical treatment technique and 2 common behavioral interventions and assess the effect they have on the frequency of night-time wetting in children between the ages of 5 and 10 years old who suffer from nocturnal enuresis.My study would allow the individual treatment techniques to be compared under standard conditions without any other form of combined treatment or medicines, and it would also show the efficacy of each treatment technique when it is paired with the anti-diuretic Desmopressin, which has been shown to have remarkable results in the short-term treatment of episodes of enuresis, but is coming up short in the long-run battle against this disorder.I will randomly assign the participants to one of six treatment groups: (1) will receive Retention Control Training (RCT) paired wi th a daily dose of Desmopressin; (2) will receive Retention Control Training with no medication; (3) will receive Retention Control Training paired with a placebo; (4) will receive Dry-Bed Training paired with a daily dose of Desmopressin; (5) will receive Dry-Bed Training with no medication; (6) will receive Dry-Bed Training paired with a placebo.Participants will be tested for a period of 30 days prior to the intervention application to determine a baseline rate of occurrence of enuresis, then tested again for 30 days while applying the intervention strategies to determine if there is a significant change in the frequency of the occurrences. Participants will also be tested a final time 30 days after ceasing the interventions for a period of 2 weeks to determine how quickly each group regressed, if any did so.This would lead to many avenues of further research toward finding the best way to treat this problem, and also perhaps pave those avenues with a much stronger foundation tha n the one that has been going back and forth between the medical and psychological disciplines throughout the research that has been done thus far. I am predicting that the groups who receive the behavioral training paired with the anti-diuretic medication will have fewer episodes of enuresis in a shorter amount of time during treatment, and have a slight increase in instances of regression after ceasing treatment.I also predict that the treatment groups that do not receive the anti-diuretic will have a slower rate of progression during the experiment, but the progression will stay primarily steady after treatment has ceased. Method Participants The sample (N=120) will consist of 20 children (10 boys; 10 girls) at each of six age levels (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10yrs old) who meet the American Psychiatric Association (2000) criteria to be diagnosed with nocturnal enuresis. Wetting must occur at least 2 times per week for at least a period of 3 months and have a negative impact on other a reas of functioning, and must not be due to the effects of a substance or be caused by another medical condition. ) All participants will be assigned randomly into one of six treatment groups. Participants will be selected on a voluntary basis from an ad placed in the local newspaper, and also by doctor referral through email notification sent to local doctor’s offices advertising information about the study that I will be conducting.Informed consent will be obtained from parents of all of the participants, and consent forms and release forms will also be signed before participating in the procedure. Letters of explanation and consent forms will be sent to parents or guardians of the children, and they will be asked to return these by mail. To ensure confidentiality, participant names will be removed from any interviews and data entry recordings, and participants will be identified only by a numerical code. Participants, medical personnel, parents, and all others involved wil l be well informed that no information will be released about individual participants.Participating children will receive an age-appropriate gift approved by their parents upon completion of the experiment as a thank-you for participating. Apparatus/Materials Materials that will be needed and used are as follows: * Basic physical form completed by family physician for each participant. * 120 basic clip-on Urine Alarms. * Approximately 1200 doses of Desmopressin. (40 children, 1 tablet each before bed every night for 30 nights. ) (Can also be requested in nasal spray form. ) * Data sheets to record all procedures and episodes of wetness per night. * Approximately 1200 doses of a basic sugar pill to administer as a placebo. 40 children, 1 tablet each before bed every night for 30 nights. ) * Age-appropriate gift for each child given upon completion of the experiment. (120 total) Procedure An ad will be placed in the local newspapers to attempt to collect volunteers to participate in t he experiment, as well as an email offering information about the study will be sent to all local pediatricians’ offices asking them to inform any of their patients that may qualify and meet the guidelines about the study that I am conducting, and that they would be welcome to participate if they desire to.Participants will be interviewed at their convenience at a location that they are comfortable with, and will be asked to answer simple background questions dealing with the criteria for the experiment, and will also be informed about all aspects of the experiment before they consent to their child or children participating. Once all participants have been selected and all required paperwork has been returned, the parents will be instructed on how to monitor their child’s episodes of enuresis for the next 30 nights and shown how to record them on the data sheets that I will provide to them.Each parent will be provided a standard Urine Alarm and be instructed on how to use it to notify them throughout the night when their child wets to bed. (They can be programmed to notify the parent instead of waking the child. ) The parent will then keep as accurate of a record as possible of the episodes during this 30 day period to establish a baseline of performance for each child. (The Urine Alarms will be re-collected after this 30 day period has concluded. Then, after the initial 30 day testing period has ended, each child will be randomly separated into one of six treatment groups: (1) will receive Retention Control Training (RCT) paired with a daily dose of Desmopressin; (2) will receive Retention Control Training with no medication; (3) will receive Retention Control Training paired with a placebo; (4) will receive Dry-Bed Training paired with a daily dose of Desmopressin; (5) will receive Dry-Bed Training with no medication; (6) will receive Dry-Bed Training paired with a placebo.The parents will receive very thorough and easy to understand instructi ons on the treatment procedure that their child has to follow, and will be given a telephone number to contact me at any time day or night throughout the experiment if they have any questions, concerns, or if their availability to participate in the experiment changes. The parents will not have any knowledge about the use of a sugar pill as a placebo, as to eliminate any participant reaction bias. I will collect the data from each parent at the end of every week, during both 30 day periods.After the experimental 30 days has come to an end, I will collect all materials that were being used by the participants, compile the data that was collected and get it ready to analyze, hand out the gifts to the children for participating, conduct a closing interview of each parent and child to clear up any loose ends or questions that they may have, and to also ensure that no aftercare is needed for any parent or child that participated, and then thank them for their involvement and hard work. R eferences American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed. ). Washington, DC: doi: 10. 1176/appi. books. 9780890423349 Brown, M. L. , Pope, A. W. , & Brown, E. J. (2010). Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis in children: A review. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 37(2), 153-160. doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-2214. 2010. 01146. x Butler, R. J. , & Gasson, S. L. (2005). Enuresis alarm treatment. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 39, 349-357. Butler, R. J. , & Heron, J. (2008).The prevalence of infrequent bedwetting and nocturnal enuresis in childhood: A large british cohort. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 42, 257-264. Friman, P. C. (2008). Evidence-based therapies for enuresis and encopresis. The Handbook of Evidence-based Therapies for Children and Adolescents: Bridging Science and Practice, II, 311-333. doi: 10. 1007/978-0-387-73691-4_18 Mellon, M. W. , & Houts, A. C. (2006). Nocturnal enuresis: Ev idenced-based perspectives in etiology, assessment and treatment. (pp. 432-441). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Causes and Effects of the Salem Witch Trials Essay

1692 in Salem, Massachusetts was a time of fear, allegation, and deceit. It was the time of the Salem witch trials. Family feuds, eccentric personalities, and even keeping dolls in your home were reasons for accusations. Fueled by religious fanatics and young girls screaming for attention, literally, no one was safe from the insanity of the witch-hunt. This paper is intended to discuss the causes of this hysteria, some of the trials that took place during the year 1692, and what finally stopped the madness of the witch-hunt. The Salem witch trials were fueled by many different things, but the beginning of this hysteria can be traced back to a small group of girls in Salem Village. Betty Parris, a nine-year-old girl with poor health, lived with her father Rev. Samuel Parris, who was the local minister, her mother, an invalid, and her cousin, Abigail Williams. Abigail Williams was a twelve-year-old orphan who worked for her keep; she did most of the chores because of Betty’s illness and cared for her aunt. When they were finished with their chores, there was not much for the girls to do; Rev. Parris objected to games because he thought that â€Å"playing was a sign of idleness, and idleness allowed the Devil to work his mischief.† (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) Reading books was a popular pastime during the winter. Most popular, were Books about fortune telling and prophecy. These were read, unsurprisingly, mostly by young girls and adolescents. Some of the girls who read these books forme d small groups to use the divination techniques that they had read about. Betty, Abigail, and two other girls formed one of these groups and were assisted by the Parris family’s’ black slave, Tituba. (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) Tituba, who was originally from Barbados, was very knowledgeable about the voodoo religion, and often told the girls stories of voodoo, witchcraft, and demons. Other girls began to join the group to listen to Tituba’s stories and tell their fortunes. Betty and Abigail were disquieted by their fortunes and began to act strangely. They were â€Å"having fits, making strange noises, and contorting their bodies.† (http://www.paralumun.com) Rev. Parris noticed their odd behavior and asked the help of Dr. William Griggs. Dr. Griggs could find nothing wrong with the girls medically, so he said they were bewitched. The girls were asked to name the witches that had bewitched them and they spoke  the names of three women. Tituba, Sarah Osborne, and Sarah Good were all very likely witches. Sarah Osborne had not been to church in over a year, and Sarah Good was homeless and went door to door asking for alms, if turned away empty handed, Sarah Good would mumble words as she left t hat many thought were curses. The cases of the three women were investigated at the Salem Village Meetinghouse. During their questioning, Betty, Abigail, and six of their friends often claimed that the women’s spirits were biting them pinching them or appearing as a small animal or bird. Despite the girls, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne said they were innocent. Tituba, however, confessed to being a witch. Her confession consisted of â€Å"red rats, talking cats, and a tall man dressed in black. She stated that the man clothed in black made her sign in a book, and that Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and others, whose names she could not read, had also signed this book.† (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) Tituba continued, saying that a black dog had threatened her and made her to hurt the girls. She also said that she had â€Å"ridden through the air on a pole to witches meetings with the other two accused.† (http://www.paralumun.com) Then Tituba stated that there were about six other witches and their leader was a tall white-haired man. (http://www.paralumun.com) Tituba’s t hree-day confession confirmed the villager’s beliefs and initiated the Salem witch trials. As the trials gained momentum, no one was safe from accusations; the girls accused people regardless of age, health, or public opinion. Everyone was at risk of being accused, from the very young, such as Dorcas Good, a four-year-old boy who was jailed and put in chains; to the old and well liked, like Rebecca Nurse who was a seventy-one year old lady and was considered kind and generous. Abigail Hobbs was already mentally unstable when she was charged with witchcraft. She confessed and gave the names of nine other witches. The judges accepted her confession instead of dismissing her as insane. On April 21, 1692, Nehemiah Abbot, William and Deliverance Hobbs, Sarah and Edward Bishop, Mary Ester, Mary Black, Sarah Wilds, and Mary English were arrested because of Abigail Hobbs’s accusations. (http://www.paralumun.com) Bridget Bishop had been charged with witchcraft twelve years ago; she had been tried but not convicted. When there was work being done on her cellar, â€Å"poppets † were found in the walls. Some of them  were without heads and they were all stuck with pins. She was tried on June 2, 1692, and hanged June 10, 1692. Rebecca Nurse was tried on June 29, 1692. The jury found Rebecca Nurse not guilty but when they revealed their verdict in her case, the girls â€Å"howled, thrashed about, and rolled around on the floor. With the courtroom in an uproar, the judges asked the jury to reconsider its decision† (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) Rebecca Nurse was found guilty, and hanged July 19, 1692. Rev. George Burroughs was the former Salem Village minister. He was accused of being the coven leader of all the witches in Massachusetts. (http://www.paralumun.com) The girls also called him the â€Å"Black Minister† and agreed that he was the leader of the Salem Coven. He had been widowed three times, and there was a rumor that he had mistreated his wives. When he was angry, he would sometimes brag about his demonic powers. He was tried on August 5, 1692, found guilty, and hanged on August 19, 1692. When he was being hanged, Rev. Burroughs said the Lord’s Prayer perfectly. The Puritans believed that a wizard could not say the Lord’s Prayer without error. (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) During the winter of 1692-93, the witch trials began to loose public support. A man named Giles Corey who was accused of witchcraft refused to stand trial and was crushed to death. This, Rev. Burroughs’ prayer, and a letter written by an accused asking â€Å"if it be possible, that no more innocent blood be shed, which undoubtedly cannot be avoided in the way and course you go in.† (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) This and the fact that the Governors wife had been accused of witchcraft caused the Governor to issue orders to protect those accused of witchcraft and ban the arrest of other suspected witches unless it was necessary on October 12, 1692. People began to ignore the cries of witchcraft and the last trial was held in January of 1693. In May of 1693, the governor ended the witch trials for good when he pardoned all of the remaining accused. With nineteen hanged and one crushed, the Salem witch trials finally ended. (http://www.salemwitchtrials.com) This is how the Salem witch trials began and ended. In my opinion, the Salem witch-hunt was revolting. The destruction of innocent human lives was atrocious. I think that the â€Å"witches† were all in the imaginations of a few girls who wanted attention and power.

Information Use

The design of Information flow and security Is a major concern In any enterprise. Without consistent and proper flow then statistical or decisional errors may occur. Therefore, the design of the information stream is a chief concern of the Information technologist. It is also important to safeguard the data from inappropriate viewing. To that end, it is important to map out the pattern. This example uses a doctor- patient visit in a medical clinic of the twenty-first century.The first bit of the whole comes at the front desk confirming the patient identity and insurance Information. This must be with human Interaction and scanning equipment. Staff verify the ID cards and scan Insurance cards Into the record. There is a lot of personal information just in this step alone. This information proceeds to the triage nurse who takes the vital signs. Then the data and the patient proceed to the provider for the actual visit. Currently, there are already three people who can compromise the in formation and its security.Incorrect data entry and wrong patient are the most common information errors. The remediation for these Is double-checking the information at the point of entry or using more automated means such as vital signs sensors connected to the data system. The security is physical in nature. The identification must be assured in the first place, and the insurance records accurate and safeguarded. Remember, the patient's complaints or diagnosis shall be utterly confidential. If the insurance data is incorrect or not collected, billing will be incorrect and delayed.This is inconvenient and costly. If the vitals are not correct, it wastes time retaking them. The data must be present and accurate prior to seeing the clinician. The doctor has the responsibility to enter complete Information Into the patient's medical record accurately. This will include deliverables to the pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, the insurer, and others. Each of these risks a potential for in put error increasing time usage and the ultimate cost. The provider enters diagnosis codes in as an alphanumeric decimal fashion.One incorrect character will cause the insurance company not to pay for the visit, the medicine or the procedure. Storage of the data Is for billing, statistics and historical record. The database Is not onsite for the smaller clinics, necessitating network link to a server. The flow of the Information Is simplistic. It moves from the clinic information, to the server storage with five or six data entry points in the clinic. The data input is the most important aspect. Would it be reasonable for the patient to pay for prescriptions when an input error caused insurance not to cover it?Of course, this is wrong, but it happens all the time. What would happen If entry of the procedure code were for an uninsured technique? If his happened repetitively, the patients would stop using the practice. The security mentioned above is a physical issue during the patien t visit. However, patient privacy and data security is the penultimate concern in the medical profession. This applies to the billing and insurance data and the diagnosis. Consider this: a hacker changes the mentioned coding. Alternatively, the hacker changes the amount due to the practice.Finally, the hacker determines the patient Is chronically taking narcotics; this makes the patient a target for theft. These are all examples of crimes In recent the tools used. The medical profession has a unique security framework. Most medical offices have an independent system for the medical and billing data; as opposed to their communications system (if they even have one). The notion of not having internet in the office is foreign to most, but it does improve the security of records. Therefore, the transmission phase of the figures to the server is the weak link in the chain.Virtual Private Networks (VPN, Tunneling) ensure secure transmission if partnered with encryption. The information ar rives securely at the data farm where physical and virtual protection is by the best possible applications and structures. It is accessible only by the firm who stored it and via VPN. Stored data security is easy when there is not an internet connection. However, data transfer is over a VPN, which utilizes the internet, subjects the data to interception. It also means the server is susceptible to intrusion. Therefore, the server farm maintains high security for the files.A fence and gate with security checkpoints and guards round the building. Additionally, the server room has cipher-key locks and security doors. Remember, physical security is as important and virtual security. Therefore, the servers have exceptional mallard protection. There are both physical and virtual firewalls and monitoring software. These form a fortress of protection for the medical data. The final piece of fortification is a honey pot. This attracts the hackers and makes them believe they have found the rea l servers. This is a good defensive strategy for the medical data.The data flows from the patient through the clinic staff and into the server under heavy guard. Specified personnel retrieve data for billing, auditing and statistical analysis. The entered data is double-checked and passes down the chain of care in the clinic and eventually transmitted to and stored in the server farm. Trained professionals, computer structure and applications keep the data from misuse during this process. Though this scheme is bulky and expensive, it effectively ensures data accuracy and integrity from source to archive.

Beowulf2 essays

Beowulf2 essays Beowulf is the cornerstone of the medieval literature evolution. It is known as the basis for following epic stories of heroism, valor, and conflicts between man and himself. Beowulf was never actually "written," therefore it does not have a credited author. It is said that this poem was passed through time by an oral poetic method. This simply means "by word of mouth." Beowulf was finally placed into its actual poetic form by and unknown poet. The poem was performed for many years by what is called a "scop." This person, or "scop," would perform Beowulf by singing or chanting in front of a live audience. There has been much controversy between scholars of weather or not Beowulf should be thought of as a pagan story or as a Christian allegory. Another trying factor in this poem is the idea of comitatus and its influence on the development of feudalism. This essay will discuss these two factors along with the tragedy of the fight scene between Beowulf and the dragon. Many scholars see that Beowulf as a pagan story in the tradition of the Germanic heroic epic emphasizing the virtues of the comitatus. Other's see the poem's spirit to be altruistic and believe it may have been intended as a Christian allegory. I believe that Beowulf was written more as a Christian allegory. Many elements of Christianity are found throughout the poem. Beowulf makes reference to God as his "protector." After his fight with Grendel's mother he states: "The fight would have ended straightaway if God had not guarded me." I felt a sense through Beowulf's heroism that this protection over him by God was earned through his courage and pride. Besides the idea of God as a protector, I also see him as being portrayed as ruler over all. Hrothgar tells Beowulf that the status of king is achieved through God when he states: "he turned away from the joys of men, alone, notorious king, although mighty God had raised him in power, in the joys of strength, had set him ...

7 things successful people do over the weekend

7 things successful people do over the weekend Perhaps you picture financially successful people jetting off to Ibiza for the weekend. Or maybe the truly accomplished spend their free time writing novels over Sunday brunch? Whatever your vision of success, the time the weekend offers is valuable to everyone- and some of us are definitely squandering it. Let’s explore a few simple ways you can spend the weekend time to become the best version of yourself. UnplugSuccessful people finish their tasks, then leave work behind. Stress from work can eat into your weekend if you let it, rendering the time useless. There’s nothing worse than an unfinished task gnawing at you or work emails reminding you what you need to do once Monday rolls around. If you set clear work-life boundaries, especially with your tasks and tech, it will result in fewer nuisances over the weekend and a better focus during actual work hours. Really, ask yourself- can’t this email wait until Monday?RestBelieve it or not, successful people do ha ve downtime. No one can run with all cylinders firing all the time; if you tried, you would burn out quickly. Successful people are good at scheduling themselves during the work day, which includes scheduling break time. Maximizing a successful weekend means taking that time to recover from the work week. Whether it’s in the form of meditation exercises, getting lost in a good book, or simply getting a couple good nights of sleep, prioritizing rest helps you recharge for the week to come.Challenge yourselfWhy not run the extra mile? Exercise is just as important for the mind as it is for the body. As with rest, you maximize your potential when your body and brain get a boost from physical fitness. But a successful person might take it up a notch beyond the stationary bike at the gym. They challenge themselves to go further: hike a mountain, train for a triathlon, take up kickboxing, or simply try something new they’ve never done before. When exercise is about striving towards a goal or making new discoveries, it fosters the kind of dynamism that make successful people excel.Develop other talentsSuccessful people can possess a laser-like focus on their goals, but highly successful people don’t just excel in their field; they likely have talents in other areas. Diversifying is not just for the financial portfolio. Art, music, or learning a foreign language helps you to challenge yourself mentally and to develop a healthier, balanced brain. The drive that helps you succeed can be used to help you find fulfillment and harness talent in other aspects of life.SavorOn the weekend, successful people make the most of their time- not by filling every second with action, but by enjoying what you can while you can. It’s the difference between savoring the flavor of coffee vs. guzzling it down like diesel fuel. Making the most of the seasons, getting outdoors, and enjoying family time are important ways to recharge over the weekend.Let the back- burner workSometimes your best ideas come to you when you’re not actively working. Innovation can be brewing in the back of your mind while you’re busy cultivating a life outside of work. Successful people are on the lookout for those ideas, ready to capture them- which means taking time away from the grind.Plan out the weekendSo how do you rest, challenge yourself, develop a new talent, unplug, and spend family time all in one weekend? It’s no secret that successful people plan out the hours of their work day to meet goals efficiently. Why wouldn’t they plan the weekend too? If you’re torn between weekend goals, planning recreational activities ahead of time helps you get the most out of the day. Just remember: the planning shouldn’t be stressful. The most successful weekend is the one you enjoy.

J.C. Penney slashing prices on all merchandise essayEssay Writing Service

J.C. Penney slashing prices on all merchandise essayEssay Writing Service J.C. Penney slashing prices on all merchandise essay J.C. Penney slashing prices on all merchandise essayJC Penny is one of the largest retailers in the US but at the moment the company is facing the tight competition from the part of such behemoths of the industry as Target, Wal-Mart and others. In such a situation, the effective marketing strategy, accurate and adequate positioning of the company in the market and successful pricing policies are essential for the overall marketing success of JC Penny in the contemporary highly competitive environment. At the moment, the company has shifted to the traditional daily low pricing strategy that the company traditionally used in the past. This decision is apparently successful since it allows the company to clearly position itself as a low cost retailer, where customers can always find products at low price without any coupons or special discounts that will also contribute to the formation of the positive brand image to enhance the competitive position of the company in the global business environment.Background of the company and industryJC Penny is one of the largest retailers in the US. The company operated successfully focusing on the low cost segment of the market. However, rivals of the company grew stronger, especially Wal-Mart, which had started to challenge the position of the company in the market. In response to the growing pressure of competitors, JC Penny attempted to change its pricing policy offering customers coupons that allowed them to obtain discounts and buy products from JC Penny’s stores at lower price. In such a way, the company attempted to breed the customer loyalty since coupons triggered the customer loyalty as customers were willing to save money and used coupons to buy products from JC Penny. In this regard, the company faced the problem of the steady deterioration of its marketing performance.However, the deterioration of the marketing performance of JC Penny was also the result of the downturn in the retail industry caused by the economic recession in the US in 2008. The economic recession has had the negative impact on the US economy, buying power of customers and their behavior. Customers preferred saving to spending. As a result, the competition between JC Penny and its major rivals has grown stronger. At the moment, the company is looking for options to enhance its competitive position as the retail industry starts to recover.Current pricing strategy of JC Penny  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EconomyShift from coupons to traditional low cost daily price is the key strategy used by the company to enhance its marketing position because the economic situation is unfavorable and the company has to attract customers (Mattioli, 2012). JC Penny has decided to offer low prices instead of coupons to reach this goal.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CompetitionAt the same time, the focus on low pricing strategy is determined by the policy of its rivals, which also use low pricing strategy to take the competitive advantage (DInnocenzio, 2012). H ence, the return of JC Penny to its traditional pricing strategy is effective today.Changing consumer behaviorToday, customers are looking for low price products because often they cannot afford buying expensive products. As a result, customers buy products from retailers offering the lower price. Hence, the quality often becomes secondary to the price of products and retailers that are capable to decrease the price more turn out to be in an advantageous position attracting customers.JC Penny’s segmentation, positioning, and branding  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   JC Penny’s segmentationThe company focuses on the low-cost segment of the retail market. In such a way, the company attempts to attract mass customers, who are looking for low price products. The current economic situation forces customers to buy products at possibly lower price.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   JC Penny’s positioningThe company positions its products as available, low price products that aim at mass customers. Such positioning of the company contributes to the enhancement of its marketing position due to the higher opportunities to attract more customers. On the other hand, this strategy shifts the company to the highly competitive business environment and segment of the market (Reingold, 2012). In this regard, the company needs to back up the low pricing strategy with the focus on the quality control to ensure that its products are of a good quality that will attract more customers and increase the customer satisfaction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   JC Penny’s brandingThe company’s branding strategy needs consistent enhancement since the company needs a stable and solid brand. Its policies should be predictable and attractive for consumers. For instance, the company should not shift from daily discounts to coupons and back. Instead, the company should conduct clear and comprehensible policy. In fact, the brand of JC Penny should evoke strong associations with low price and discounts customer s can count on, while attending company’s stores.Forecast of the future pricing strategy and marketing performance of the company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Future pricing policy of JC PennyThe company is likely to stick to its traditional everyday low pricing strategy which allows the company to conduct flexible pricing policies decreasing the price of some products to accelerate their sales, when customers cannot afford buying those products at higher price, and increasing prices of products, customers are looking for and which have the high demand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   JC Penny’s marketing performance in the futureThe company can enhance its marketing performance in the future but the company needs to conduct the aggressive promotional campaign to enhance its brand image and evoke strong associations between low pricing strategy of the company and the customers’ high satisfaction.At the same time, expanding business internationally will enhance the competitive position of JC Penny, even though the company will have to confront the tight competition from the part of new rivals, such as Carrefour, Tesco and others. In such a way, the company can expand its business and enhance its competitive position through entering new markets, where JC Penny can take a leading position. For instance, the company may focus on markets of emerging economies, where the company can count on the stable growth and where the competition is not as tight as in the US or the EU, for example.ConclusionThus, JC Penny has good marketing prospects as it maintains its position as a low cost retailer operating not only in the US but also internationally. In this regard, the company should stick to its daily low pricing strategy but, at the same time, the company needs to enhance its brand image in the public eye. The enhancement of the brand of the company will contribute to the development of the customer loyalty and, thus, enhance the competitive position of JC Penny in the market.

Capital Punishment Essays (1362 words) - Penology, Free Essays

Capital Punishment Essays (1362 words) - Penology, Free Essays Capital Punishment Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in today?s society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, ? an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.? These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruel and unjust way of punishment. Should we keep it or not? And if it is kept, how do we determine who should be sentenced to death? An easy way to answer these questions is to totally nullify capital punishment completely. One reason why the death penalty is so controversial is because many feel its cruel ways of punishment are unnecessary, even if the crime is murder, whether it be premeditated or unintentional. They believe there are other ways of condemnation besides execution. In the case of an unintentional death feelings are that the perpetrators should have the right to live, but have to face each day with the fact that they killed someone weighing on their conscience. On the other hand, such as with a voluntary murder, the ideas are somewhat similar. They believe the murderer doesn?t deserve the death penalty. Chances are if a person is insane enough to kill another human being in the first place, they aren?t going to care what happens to them. They 2 realize that their execution, in most cases, is going to be short and painless. This isn?t a just punishment for someone who has inflicted severe pain upon another life. Our court system, after initiating a life sentence without parole, should not offer these killers the comforts they have in jail. They should be treated more or less like animals. In short, let the ones who institute a crime unwillingly live, but do not let the punishment be as severe as it would for a voluntary criminal. There are a vast number of people who believe that increasing the use of the death penalty will abate the crime rate. Not true. While a criminal is in the process of committing a crime, chances are that he is not contemplating what his punishment will be for his actions. More than likely his thoughts are upon getting what he wants, whether it be something tangible, such as money, or something as valuable as one?s life. There have been studies done in areas by criminologists who have been trying to find a direct relationship between use of the death penalty and the murder rate. Their results? Negative. They have failed to discover any connection between the two. Therefore, use of capital punishment will not affect the crime rate of an area in any such way. The third and possibly the most important reason why capital punishment should be eliminated is because what is stated in the Bible. The sixth commandment specifically says ?Thou shalt not kill.? If someone is executed, our court system is deliberately defying our Lord?s laws. John 8:7 says, ?Let he who is without sin cast the first stone.? This supports the idea that only a man who is not a sinner has the right to eliminate someone from this Earth. Many feel the only person or being who is without sin is God. They also believe that He is the only existence who has the right to take someone?s life, or ?cast the first stone.? Which in turn means we as humans are not entitled to that privilege. 3 The use of capital punishment in today?s society is an incredibly controversial issue which will require a great deal of contemplation to answer the questions: to kill or not to kill? Many feel that the annihilation of this practice will solve a large number of the problems and questions about the death penalty that haunt our society today.Jennifer Barnett AP US History 6th period September 6, 1994 Capital Punishment Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in today?s society. The number of people who are for it

5 Business Jobs You Can Do Without a Business Degree

5 Business Jobs You Can Do Without a Business Degree There are lots of good reasons to attend business school, but if you havent gotten that far yet (or dont plan to), there are still lots of business jobs that you could get with just a high school diploma. Most of these jobs are entry-level positions (you wont start out as a manager), but they pay a living wage and could provide you with valuable career development resources. For example, you could receive on-the-job training that could help you improve your communication skills or master software programs. You might even acquire special knowledge in a concentrated area like accounting, banking, or insurance. You may also be able to meet important business contacts or mentors that could help you advance your career later on. An entry-level business job can also give you the experience you need to successfully apply to an undergraduate business degree program. Although most programs at the undergraduate level do not require work experience, it could still help to strengthen your application in several ways. To start with, youll have worked with a supervisor who can give you a recommendation letter that highlights your work ethic or achievements. If your entry-level job offers opportunities to take on a leadership role, youll be able to gain valuable leadership experience, something that is always important to admissions committees who are looking for candidates who are potential leaders.   In this article, were going to take a look at five different business jobs you can get without a business degree. These jobs require just a high school diploma or the equivalent and could really help you advance your career or education in banking, insurance, accounting, and business fields. Bank Teller Bank tellers work for banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions. Some of the duties they perform include processing cash or check deposits, cashing checks, making change, collecting bank payments (like car or mortgage payments), and exchanging foreign currency. Counting money is a big aspect of this job. Staying organized and keeping accurate records of every financial transaction is also important. A degree is almost never required to become a bank teller. Most tellers can get hired with just a high school diploma. However, on-the-job training is almost always required to learn how to use the banks software. With enough work experience, entry-level tellers can move up to more advanced positions like a head teller. Some bank tellers also go on to become loan officers, loan underwriters, or loan collectors. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that median annual wages for bank tellers exceed $26,000. Bill Collector Nearly every industry employs bill collectors. Bill collectors, also known as account collectors, are responsible for collecting payments on due or overdue bills. They use internet and database information to locate debtors and then contact debtors, typically via phone or mail, to request payment. Bill collectors spend most of their time answering debtor questions about contracts and negotiating payment plans or settlements. They may also be responsible for following up on negotiated resolutions to ensure that the debtor pays as agreed. Most employers are willing to hire bill collectors who have just a high school diploma, but computer skills can increase your chances of getting hired. Bill collectors must follow state and federal laws related to debt collection (such as the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act), so on-the-job training is typically required to ensure compliance. Most bill collectors are employed by professional, scientific, and technical service industries. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that median annual wages for bill collectors exceed $34,000. Administrative Assistant Administrative assistants, also known as secretaries, support the supervisor or staff of a business office by answering phones, taking messages, scheduling appointments, preparing business documents (like memos, reports, or invoices), filing documents, and performing other clerical tasks. In large companies, they sometimes work in a specific department, such as marketing, public relations, human resources, or logistics. Administrative assistants that report directly to an executive are often known as executive assistants. Their duties are usually more complex and may involve creating reports, scheduling staff meetings, preparing presentations, conducting research, or handling sensitive documents.  Most administrative assistants do not start out as executive assistants, but instead, move up to this position after acquiring a few years of work experience. The typical administrative assistant position requires just a high school diploma. Having basic computer skills, such as familiarity with software applications (like Microsoft Word or Excel), can increase your chances of securing employment. Many employers provide some type of on-the-job training to help new employees learn administrative procedures or industry-specific terminology. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that median annual wages for administrative assistants exceed $35,000.   Insurance Clerk Insurance clerks, also known as insurance claims clerks or insurance policy processing clerks, work for insurance agencies or individual insurance agents. Their primary responsibilities include processing insurance applications or insurance claims. This may involve communicating with insurance clients, either in person and over the phone or in writing via mail or email. Insurance clerks may also be tasked with answering phones, taking messages, answering client questions, responding to client concerns, or recording cancellations. In some offices, insurance clerks may even be responsible for processing insurance payments or keeping financial records. Unlike insurance agents, insurance clerks do not need to be licensed. A high school diploma is typically all that is required to earn a position as an insurance clerk. Good communication skills are helpful in securing employment. Most insurance agencies offer some form of on-the-job training to help familiarize new clerks with insurance industry terms and administrative procedures. With enough experience, an insurance clerk could pass the required exam to earn a state license to sell insurance. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that median annual wages for insurance clerks exceed $37,000. Bookkeeper Bookkeepers use bookkeeping or accounting software to record financial transactions (i.e. money coming in and money going out). They commonly prepare financial statements like balance sheets or income statements. Some bookkeepers have special duties beyond keeping a general ledger. For example, they may be responsible for processing a companys invoices or payroll or preparing and tracking bank deposits.   Bookkeepers work with numbers every day, so they must be good with basic math (like adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing). Some employers prefer job candidates who have completed finance courses or bookkeeping certificate programs, but many are willing to hire candidates who have just a high school diploma. If on-the-job training is provided, it typically involves learning how to use a specific software program or mastering industry-specific skills like double-entry bookkeeping. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that median annual wages for bookkeepers exceed $37,000.

Open Primary Definition and List of Open Primary States

Open Primary Definition and List of Open Primary States A primary is the method political parties use in the U.S. to nominate candidates for elected office. The winners of the primaries in the two-party system become the party nominees, and they face each other in the election, which is held in November in even-numbered years.   But not all primaries are the same. There are open primaries and closed primaries, and several  kinds of primaries in between the two. Perhaps the most talked-about primary in modern history is the open primary, which advocates say encourages voter participation. More than a dozen states hold open primaries. An open primary is one in which voters can take part in either the Democratic or Republican nominating contests regardless of their party affiliation, as long as they are registered to vote. Voters registered with third-parties and independents are also allowed to take part in open primaries.   An open primary is the opposite of a closed primary, in which only registered members of that party can take part. In a closed primary, in other words, registered Republicans are allowed to vote only in the Republican primary, and registered Democrats are allowed to vote only in the Democratic primary. Voters registered with third-parties and independents are not permitted to take part in closed primaries. Support for Open Primaries Supporters of the open primary system argue that it encourages voter participation and leads to greater turnout at the polls. A growing segment of the U.S. population is not affiliated with either the Republican or Democratic parties, and is therefore blocked from taking part in closed presidential primaries. Supporters also argue that holding an open primary leads to the nomination of more centrist and less ideologically pure candidates who have broad appeal. Mischief in Open Primary States Allowing voters of any party to take part in either the Republican or Democratic presidential primary often invites mischief, commonly referred to as party-crashing. Party-crashing occurs when voters of one party support the most polarizing candidate in the other partys primary to bolster the chances that it will nominate someone unelectable to general election voters in November, according to the nonpartisan Center for Voting and Democracy in Maryland. In the 2012 Republican primaries, for example, Democratic activists launched a somewhat organized effort to prolong the GOP nomination process by voting for Rick Santorum, an underdog, in states that held open primaries. That effort, called Operation Hilarity, was organized by activist Markos Moulitsas Zuniga, the founder and publisher of , a popular blog among liberals and Democrats. The longer this GOP primary drags on, the better the numbers for Team Blue, Moulitsas wrote. In 2008, many Republicans voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary because they felt she had less of a chance of defeating presumed Republican nominee John McCain, a U.S. senator from Arizona. 15 Open Primary States There are 15 states that allow voters to privately selected which primaries in which to participate. A registered Democrat, for example, could choose to cross party lines and vote for a Republican candidate. Critics argue that the open primary dilutes the parties’ ability to nominate. Supporters say this system gives voters maximal flexibility- allowing them to cross party lines- and maintains their privacy, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Those 15 states are:    AlabamaArkansasGeorgiaHawaiiMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNorth DakotaSouth  CarolinaTexasVermontVirginiaWisconsin 9 Closed Primary States There are nine states that require primary voters to be registered with the party in whose primary they are participating. These closed-primary states also prohibit independent and third-party voters from voting in primaries and helping the parties choose their nominees. This system generally contributes to a strong party organization, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. These closed-primary states are:    DelawareFloridaKentuckyMarylandNevadaNew MexicoNew YorkOregonPennsylvania Other Types of Primaries There are other, more hybrid types of primaries that are neither fully open or completely closed. Heres a look at how those primaries work and the states that use these methods. Partially Closed Primaries: Some states leave it up to the parties themselves, which operate the primaries, to decide if independent and third-party voters can participate. These states include Alaska;  Connecticut;  Connecticut;  Idaho; North Carolina;  Oklahoma; South Dakota; and Utah. Nine other states allow independents to vote in party primaries:  Arizona; Colorado; Kansas; Maine; Massachusetts; New Hampshire; New Jersey; Rhode Island; and West Virginia.   Partially Open  Primaries: Voters in partially open primary states are allowed to choose which partys candidates they are nominating, but they must either publicly declare their selection or register with the party in whose primary they are participating. These states include: Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Ohio; Tennessee; and Wyoming.